The universal constant of gravity, G, is defined. It suffices to define G via Newton's theory since general relativity contains the same constant. It is emphasised that ordinary gravity is attractive, and that this is probably crucial to the creation of the universe and is certainly crucial to the formation of structure. Cosmological constant effects (potentially repulsive) are discussed in Chapters 5B and 5C of the Cosmology Tutorial.
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The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51a / NGC 5194): a spiral galaxy 23 million ly distant in the constellation Canes Venatici. The galaxy and its companion (NGC 5195) may be seen with binoculars